The theme of three pomes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The theme of three pomes - Essay Example The three poems selected to elaborate the theme of Bridget Keating Red ceilings are â€Å"When I was a Child†, â€Å"How to Make Peace with Yourself† and â€Å"Frogs†. The basic theme of all the three poems is the study and observation of human behaviors. The behaviors described by Bridget Keating are quite diverse and cover the happiness, sorrow, myths and dark shades of human nature. The poem â€Å"When I was a Child† describes the memories of the past and Keating tried to remember the old good days during the present days of darkness. The poem â€Å"How to Make Peace with Yourself† is focused on finding the peaceful place after bearing and observing the behaviors of individuals crossed by the way to peaceful place. In the third and the last poem â€Å"Frogs† the lady learned from the behaviors and movements of the frogs that how to survive together even in the tough situation and despite of even more tough situation than that of the lady, the frogs still strived to survive together. A brief overview of all three poems to elaborate the theme of the Bridget Keating book Red Ceiling is described in the remaining part of the paper. In the Poem â€Å"When I was a Child† Bridget Keating elaborated the memories of her past days and remembers the golden days when she was a child. She Said â€Å"I swam in the Slope Coulee† (Keating 1) refers to the spring water or waterfall where she swam during her golden days. She felt the depth of the water and moved with the flow of water and remembered the natural light, inhaled seeds and under water flowers. She remembers the beauty of nature and felt a snake against her bare feet while moving with the flow of water while touching the moist. She describes the beautiful feelings of life, which she had in the past. She also misses the presence of an old lady may be her mother and the old lady’s attitude and behavior,

Introduction To The Oil And Gas Industry Commerce Essay

Introduction To The Oil And Gas Industry Commerce Essay The production of crude oil can include up to three different stages and they are primary, secondary and tertiary. The tertiary method is also known as the Enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Different methods of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) are designed to recover oil left in the reservoir after both primary and secondary recovery methods have been implemented as per their economic limits. It is also defined as the process where some external energy, sources were introduced to enhance the production of oil from the oil field which is left out after the exploitation of the primary and secondary methods economically. These external sources can be gases, chemicals or even steam through injection systems and the processes involved are gas injection, chemical injection, thermal injection and microbial injection. The purpose of Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is to increase oil production, primarily through an increase in temperature, pressure, or an enhancement of the oils ability to flow through the reservoir. The challenge of EOR is that the remaining oil is located in regions of the reservoir that are difficult to access, and the oil is held in the pores by capillary pressure. During primary recovery, the natural pressure of the reservoir drives oil into the wellbore, and artificial lift techniques (such as pumps) bring the oil to the surface. Only about 10 percent of a reservoirs original oil in place (OOIP) is typically produced during primary recovery. Secondary recovery methods applied to the fields productive life generally by injecting water or gas to displace oil and drive it to a production wellbore, resulting in the recovery of 20 to 40 percent of the original oil in place. Once the reservoir is half empty it is very expensive to extract and not profitable for the companies to produc e oil. At this point of time the companies may abandon the reservoir which is half full. In the past twenty years, many research organizations and oil companies have conducted extensive theoretical and laboratory EOR (enhanced oil recovery) researches to include validating pilot and field trials relevant to much needed domestic commercial application, while western countries had terminated such endeavors almost completely due to low oil prices. In recent years, oil demand has increased and now these operations have become more desirable. On an average, two-thirds of the original oil discovered in the U.S remains in the ground after conventional recovery operations. This oil represents about 200 billion barrels. Due to these factors most of the major oil companies are interested in techniques to extract this oil. And thats where enhanced oil recovery comes in. 2. CURRENT TECHNOLOGIES 2.1 Gas injection: This is the most common and effective method to improve the oil production from the field, which is noted as the most effective one for production of oil for different oil fields. This was first tried in Texas in the 1970s. This technique has been aimed to improve the pressure of reservoir, maintaining low operating costs with the increase in production of oil. The initial expenses for the basic equipment and components of gas are very high, due to which this technique has not seen widespread application. On the other hand the operating costs for this system are very low, these upfront investment costs were the barriers for the smaller independent oil companies to implement this gas injection EOR; however the investment return made possible for even independent smaller companies with the record oil prices. This method associates with nitrogen, natural gas and mainly carbon dioxide with the injection process into the field. The gas (carbon dioxide) spreads and pushes the extra oil to the place it can be extracted out easily. Gradually carbon dioxide dissolves in the oil which helps to improve the oil flow rate by reducing the viscosity of the oil. In these applications, more than half and up to two thirds of the injected carbon dioxide returns with the oil produced and is usually re-injected into the reservoir to minimize the operating costs and the remaining gas is trapped in the oil reservoir in various means. The utilization of the carbon dioxide for the gas injection EOR resulted in the prevention of plenty harmful gases from entering the natural air. C:UsersROCKYDesktopenhanced-oil-recovery.jpg 2.2 Thermal recovery: Steam injection technique has been commercially used since 1960s in California fields. As heat is required to enhance the oil flow rate, steam is sent into the reservoir through the injection system to reduce its viscosity or thin the heavy viscous oil, and improve its ability to flow through the reservoir which can be produced at the producing bore well. Dolberry oil assessed that steam associate for 52percent of present techniques used for Enhanced oil recovery, when compared to the carbon dioxide at 31percent and nitrogen 17percent. The technology called Steam Slugging contains a mixture of steam and carbon dioxide that appeared to double the production of oil within a less period of time which produced good results, making extra ten barrels per day with added advantages like water disposal and cleaning of the bore well. In this process each well is injected for about to 12 hours and then the well is left soaked for 12 to 15 hours in which the gas (carbon dioxide) compounds with the oil while and at the same time nitrogen gas helps in pulling the oil to the place where pressure is low. The extra heat produced by the extra pressure helps to loosen the oil in the pay zone. Eventually the oil produced in this process is extracted in the pay zone surroundings. 2.3 Chemical recovery: There are two types of chemicals that can be sent to the field to enhance the oil production, they are polymers and surfactants. The long chain molecules called polymers which thickens the water used to sweep oil through the reservoir into producing wells. Surfactants are detergent like chemicals that helps to obstruct droplets of oil from moving in the reservoir by lowering the interfacial tension. Implementation of this technique is generally obstructed by the cost factor in chemicals. In this process, the chemicals are sent into the different wells through injection system which helps in extracting the oil from the wells which are nearby. 2.4 Microbial enhanced oil recovery: This method is not used very often because of the high prices and the developments in this technique are very recent. This method refers to the use of micro organisms to recover extra oil from live oil fields, improving the oil production in the reserve. In this method micro organisms are introduced into the reserve to produce harmless by-products, such as gases or slippery natural substances which help to push oil out of the well. The use of micro organisms and their metabolic products to improve the oil production involves the injection of the selected microorganisms into the oil field and the subsequent stimulation and transportation of their in-situ growth products in order that their presence will help in further reduction of residual oil left in the oil field after secondary recovery is exhausted. 3. GLOBAL TRENDS Most of the oil companies aimed to decrease the exploration costs of the existing oil fields and increase their production and recoverable reserves. Many integration methods and co-operations have been established among the companies especially in the Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) area, aiming not only to increase their reserves, but also to extend the useful reservoir lifetime. In a study USA case is analyzed from 1986 to the beginning of 1998, since this is the country that has applied most of these techniques. Recently formed strategic associations in this period are also analyzed. A bibliometric analysis has been performed which shows RD tendencies of EOR method in universities, oil companies and institutions. The study shows that the EOR methods applied worldwide enhanced the production of oil and gas reserves, supported on technologies such as multilateral and horizontal wells, 3D-4D seismic techniques, simulators, nuclear magnetic resonance, materials (polymers, foams, nutrients etc) and equipment (coiled tubing) etc have been proved to be very effective. Current trends in United States enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects are analyzed for the period from 1980-1987. The analysis is based on the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) EOR project data base which contains information on more than 1200 projects. The National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research (NIPER) keeps this data base up to date and analyze trends in the data under the provisions of a cooperative agreement with the DOE. The noticeable trend is the steady decline in the number of projects starting per year since 1981, which corresponds the steady decline in the oil prices during that period. On the other hand, polymer and immiscible carbon dioxide projects which peaked in number of starts in 1983. The trend seems to be clearly moving towards the lower risk projects within the screening criteria. True field experimentation with assumptions of higher risks has been decreasing. This trend has seen a change in 1986 as the planned projects appeared to have reversed the decline in project starts, however during this time sharp drop in oil prices led companies to abandon some projects and postpone others. Only the large capital investments already made has seen new starts. Despite the temporary setback, long-term EOR prospects remain good, largely because EOR remains one of the cheapest sources of new oil reserves and could play a key role in maintaining steady oil production for the future. The global market for EOR, estimated at nearly $62.5 billion (for barrels of crude oil) for 2009, has shown exciting growth since 2005 totaling $3.1 billion. Hazy regulations, technological challenges and costly implementation, kept oil companies from using EOR. However, EOR is becoming more attractive and feasible due to the government interest and investment, new technologies and availability of resources (such as CO2). It is expected that the EOR takes a good place in the world market. A number of factors fueled governments interest in EOR, the first one being the increase in oil production besides increase in the oil revenue. Countries that are able to increase their oil production are often lowering their increase in demand for oil import. It is estimated that 13 billion tons of carbon dioxide worldwide could be captured through the use of CO2-EOR, which helps to reduce industrial emissions and in turn reduce green house gases. In Texas, where EOR now accounts for 20% of its oil production, it is estimated the benefits of EOR production will result in additional revenue of $200 billion and will create 1.5 million jobs. 4. ADVANTAGES This is the only technology that combines the benefits of two traditional enhanced oil recovery methods to retrieve more oil which would have been waste remaining in the ground of no use. This method increased revenue and profits for the oil drillers who are able to extract 10percent more of the previously unrecoverable oil from an oil field. The U.S Department of energy estimates that there are approximately 240 billion barrels of oil that can be recovered with next generation enhanced oil recovery methods. Oil drillers are not the only group who would benefit from more effective oil recovery methods. It is expected that the governments and local treasuries would make $280 billion in profit in the form of taxes and royalties from the produced oil. In the process of gas injection most of the carbon dioxide is injected into ground which is produced by human activities such as oil refining or fertilizer manufacturing not only enhances the oil production, but also helps in the reduction of the green house gases which affects the atmosphere. 5. CONCLUSION Although the advantages of the Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process has not been recognized until the recent years, the process has seen a rapid growth in the recent years which helped many companies, governments in enhancing their oil production. This process not only helps in producing more oil but also stood as an environmental friendly system which helps in eradicating the green house gases. These statements strongly support the Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) to be the future technique to recover more oil with low operating costs and environment friendly method.

Geographic Information Systems :: essays research papers fc

Geographic Information Systems Geographic information systems (GIS) technology can be used for scientific investigations, resource management, and development planning. For example, a GIS might allow emergency planners to easily calculate emergency response times and effected areas of the ocean during an oil spill based on the spills location. You may ask, what is GIS? In the strictest sense, a GIS is a computer system capable of assembling, storing, manipulating, and displaying geographically referenced information, i.e. data identified according to their locations. Practitioners also regard the total GIS as including operating personnel and the data that go into the system. A geographic information system (GIS) works in a series of steps, First there is the relating information from different sources. If you could relate information about oil spill location to the oceans surface currents, you might be able to tell where to start clean up based on how long the oil has been in the o cean. A GIS, which can use information from many different sources, in many different forms can help with such analyses. The primary requirement for the source data is that the locations for the variables are known. Location may be annotated by x, y, and z coordinates of longitude, latitude, and elevation and any variable that can be located spatially can be fed into a GIS. Several computer databases that can be directly entered into a GIS are being produced by Federal agencies and private firms. Different kinds of data in map form can be entered into a GIS. A GIS can also convert existing digital information, which may not yet be in map form into forms it can recognize and use. For example, digital satellite images can be analyzed to produce a map like layer of digital information about marine life productivity. Likewise, sea-grass data can be converted to map-like form, serving as layers of thematic information in a GIS. Next Step for Geographic information systems (GIS) would be to Capture the data If the data to be used is not already in digital form, that is, in a form the computer can recognize, various techniques can capture the information. Maps can be digitized, or hand-traced with at computer mouse, to collect the coordinates of features. Electronic scanning devices will also convert map lines and points to digits. A GIS can be used to emphasize the spatial relationships among the objects being mapped.

Reduce,Reuse and Reclycle Essay

Practicing these three steps (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) helps us lessen the environmental impact that manufacturing and distributing products have on our environment. Reducing waste is the most effective 3 R practice, because it means not producing unnecessary waste in the first place – So there is zero impact on the environment. If we reduce what we buy and use in the first place and reuse wherever possible, fewer things need to be recycled and the amount of waste we produce will fall. The next best is Reuse, because it extends the life of a product. That item still had to be made but it is used over and over, reducing the need to make new stuff. Recycling in the end is the reprocessing of materials. It helps reduce pollution caused by waste and the need of raw material so that rainforests can be preserved. BENEFITS: We are going to give you some tips and practical examples how to save money, energy and the environment. 1. Do not waste food, make sure that you buy what you are going to consume, give leftovers to your pets or discard them in a responsible way. (Environmental friendly). 2. Grow your own vegetable, fruits, and flowers. 3.  When you leave a room always turn the lights off – Do not forget to switch off all the electrical equipment’s, turn down your emersion heater. 4. Instead of using dishwasher, wash dishes by hands from the sink 5. Always turn the tap off when you wash your teeth. You do not need the tap running when you are brushing your teeth. 6. Instead of buying a lot of books, you can borrow from the library or charity shops. 7. Do not automatically get rid of your old newspaper; use it in place of paper towels to clean glasses and mirrors. Shred it to make packaging materials, use it as a fire starter. 8.  Reuse junk mail envelops for your own mail. Just put a label over the see through window or if the envelop has a bar code at the bottom, run a black marker through it. 9. Do not dump water you use to cook vegetable; water your plants with it. 10. Use the public transport (trains, undergrounds) rather than cars to reduce pollution. ADVANTAGES OF RECYCLING: Recycling uses much less energy than producing new materials from scratch. This means less fossil fuel is burnt and less greenhouse gas is emitted. The vast majority of materials collected from your doorstep are recycled and used in the UK. This means less fuel is used to export waste and import new materials. Recycling helps to reduce pollution, Co2 emissions caused by waste and preserve natural resources for futures generations. Recycling is one of the best ways for you to have a positive impact on the planet in which we live. It is so important to both, the natural environment and us (Human beings). N. B: However, recycling still creates some pollution because it is an industrial process. That’s why â€Å"Reduce and Reuse† are the most important of the 3 R practice. Did you know? Recycling Aluminium uses only five per cent of the energy and emissions needed to make it from raw materials. Each year in the UK, we go through over 1. 2 million Tonnes of electrical waste. (That’s the equivalent of 150 Thousand double decker buses). Prevention is better than cure as the doctors say. Therefore, we must act fast as the amount of waste we create is increasing all the time. We are going to conclude our topic with this wise and pertinent citation of Margaret Mead: â€Å"Never doubt a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has. †

Multiple Sclerosis and Living Life

|Multiple Sclerosis and Living Life. | |[Type the document subtitle] | | | |Multiple sclerosis can be debilitating, however there are things that can be done to | |limit the amount of attacks a person may have. | | |Le’Sha Hairston | |10/10/2012 | | | Multiple Sclerosis and Living Life Le’Sha Hairston University Composition and Communication ll COM/156 Trista McCombs Multiple sclerosis and Living Life As a person with the disease! Knowing the effects first hand, Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disease.With MS, the body's white blood cells attack tissues called myelin. Changes to your diet and life style can help slow down the effects of multiple sclerosis. Some days will be better than others, but a normal life can be lived with the disease. June 24, 2004 eight years ago I was diagnosed with â€Å"Multiple Sclerosis†. A quote from talk show host, author, actor, and philanthropist â€Å"Montel Williams†, when the neurologist said those words- †Å"you have (MS)† it hit me like a ton of bricks. â€Å"I thought I was diagnosed with a death sentence†. As a person with the disease! Knowing the effects first hand, Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disease.With MS, the body's white blood cells attack tissues called myelin. Changes to your diet and life style can help slow down the effects of multiple sclerosis. Some days will be better than others, but a normal life can be lived with the disease Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that can be potentially debilitating to a person. Multiple sclerosis is a disease in which one’s immune system begins to attack the body. The white blood cells will attack a tissue in the body called the ‘Myelin’, which is the protective sheath covering of all nerve’s in the human body.By the Myelin being eating away this can and most likely will result in permanent damage to the nerve’s even deterioration, being that there is no reversible p rocess for (MS). There are many different symptoms for a person with Multiple sclerosis; it all depends on the damage and what particular nerves are affected. There is no cure for (MS), and the only way to determine is one has Multiple Sclerosis, is to rule out other diseases. Meaning using the process of elimination to determines one’s status. A person with a severe case of the disease will encounter many problems.Some of these problems are not having the ability to walk, talk, or any mobility at all. Even though there is no cure for the disease, there are strategies to treat an attack such as â€Å"anti-inflammatory medications†. Some of these medications are â€Å"Corticosteroids and Beta interferons†. Corticosteroids consist of different medications that decrease inflammation and help to reduce the symptoms and signs of inflammation. They also â€Å"suppress your immune system, which helps control the conditions in which your body’s immune system mis takenly attacks its own tissues† (http://www. mayoclinic. om/health/steroids/HQ01431), in thus case Multiple Sclerosis. Corticosteroids can be taken in many different ways such as: One can take corticosteroids by: †¢ By mouth. Tablets, capsules or syrups help treat the inflammation and pain associated with certain chronic conditions, such as arthritis and lupus. †¢ By inhaler and intranasal spray. These forms help control inflammation associated with asthma and nasal allergies. †¢ Topically. Creams, ointments and roll-ons can help heal many skin conditions. †¢ By injection. This form is used to treat such signs and symptoms as the pain and inflammation of tendinitis.While the six FDA-approved disease-modifying medications that treat multiple sclerosis are often successful in slowing the progression of (MS), like all drugs, they can also produce some side effects. The side effects of (MS) medications can range from mild (flulike symptoms or irritation at an injection site) to more serious (chest pain, an increased risk of heart toxicity, or even acute myelogenous leukemia, a kind of bone marrow cancer. So when taken any medication it should be consulted with your doctor on the best medication for any person to take while dealing with multiple sclerosis.Discussing all side effects will help the doctor know how tolerable you are to the medication. Any bruising, redness, swelling, itching, etc should be reported immediately. All the interferon’s such as Rebif, Avonex, and Betaferon can cause flulike response after an injection. This is managed by gradually starting with smaller does, then working up to full dose. Physical therapy is also another way to treat (MS) attacks, and modify the course of the disease as well as using muscle relaxants. Physical therapies that can be conducted are too help deal with the issues brought on by Multiple Sclerosis such as: Fatigue †¢ Pain †¢ Balance problems †¢ Coordination problems †¢ Weakness †¢ Immobility Physical therapy will help teach new movement techniques also. A healthy diet is something that should also be maintained when someone has Multiple Sclerosis. A person with a chronic illness should consume adequate calories including protein. This will help the body provide energy, heal any wounds and fight off any infections. A person with Multiple Sclerosis should maintain their weight, eat foods low in fat and cholesterol, and limit their sugar intake.Salt is something that should be moderate in a (MS) patient’s diet, along with drinking 8-8ounce glasses of water per day to maintain a good urinary track. Anyone with an illness should get plenty of rest, thus keeping the energy up. Anyone with Multiple Sclerosis can have a very fulfilling life. (MS) doesn’t have to determine the amount of fun you have. Yes it can become hard with all the medications and daily stipulations but it’s worth it to maintain life. I know someone w ho has had the disease since the age 19 years old. They woke up and couldn’t see anything, just flashing lights and a splitting headache.Rushed to the hospital and they couldn’t begin to explain the amount of testing that was done on them to gain a diagnosis. They had to make numerous changes in their life if they wanted t continue to be normal. These changes included not smoking (cigarettes), no alcohol, fatty foods, getting more rest, working less, being on many medications etc: an the list goes on. However, for the sake of their children and their family they were able to pull through. As they explained to me there are days that are great from them than there are days that is extremely hard. But it’s better than not being around at all as they said.There are days when their depression will set in and giving up is the only thing they want to do, doing so would be the easy way out. Fighting it to the end is the decision they made; having a wonderful support sys tem that keeping them motivated to live. Great children and a wonderful husband couldn’t ask for anything more. There’s nothing they can’t do everything is regular with some limitations. Multiple sclerosis is a potentially debilitating disease. However as long as you take your medications, exercise, and maintain a well balanced diet you can live a happy and normal life. It will also limit the amount of attacks a person will have.It doesn’t have to over take your life. Staying positive and having a great support system are strategies to help a person keep the faith and make it through. As a person with the disease! Knowing the effects first hand, Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disease. With MS, the body's white blood cells attack tissues called myelin. Changes to your diet and life style can help slow down the effects of multiple sclerosis. Some days will be better than others, but a normal life can be lived with the disease. References: www. cnn. com www. mslifelines. com www. montelwilliams. com www. apolllolibrary. com www. everydayhealth. com